The ancient monuments of the iconographic heritage of the Armenian Highland—petroglyphs—constitute a reliable source for identifying historical and cultural reality. These products of human thought and activity have great scientific and cognitive significance.

The work presents the extensive (140-year) history of the discovery and study of petroglyphs in Armenia, their content, function and types, and defines the foundations of the scientific branch of “Petroglyphology”.

The inclusion of comparative material shows the semantic connections of petroglyphs and related spheres of Armenian culture, which testifies to the ethnocultural unity of their creators and the presence of the Armenian people in their homeland.

The analysis of petroglyphs of cosmological content and archeological structures illuminates the issues of dating the monuments and the origin of the calendar.

The petroglyphs are studied in the context of the problems of the formation of ancient worship, art and science, including the achievements of medieval Armenian philosophical thought.

The book is intended for specialists in history, archeology and ethnography, astronomy and calendar, writing, the history of natural sciences, as well as for those interested in ancient culture.